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In linguistics, verb-framing and satellite-framing are typological descriptions of a way that verb phrases in a language can describe the path of motion or the manner of motion, respectively. Only some languages make the distinction.
Languages are considered verb-framed or satellite-framed based on how the motion path is typically encoded. English language verbs use particles to show the path of motion ("run into," "go out," "fall down"The particles "into," "out," and "down" differ in usage from the same words employed as prepositions because they indicate direction of movement as an attribute of the motion without specifying location. Together with the verb, they form a phrasal verb. When the same word is linked to a specified location (such as "run into the garden," "go out of the house," "fall down the hole"), it is a preposition introducing a prepositional phrase.), and its verbs usually show manner of motion; thus, English is a satellite-framed language. Most verbs that are exceptions in English are derived from Latin such as "exit," "ascend," and "enter."
All Germanic languages are satellite-framed languages. Accordingly, "to go out" is hinausgehen in German language, uitgaan in Dutch language, and gå ut in Swedish language in which gehen / gaan / gå are equivalents of "to go", and hinaus / uit / ut are equivalents of "out". In that manner, Germanic languages can form all kinds of compounds, even less manifest ones like (German) hinaustanzen "to dance out."
On the other hand, all Romance languages are verb-framed. Spanish language, for example, makes heavy use of verbs of motion like entrar, salir, subir, bajar ("go in," "go out," "go up," "go down"), which directly encode motion path and may avoid the manner of motion or express it in a complement of manner (typically a participle): entró corriendo "he ran in," literally "he entered running;" salió flotando "it floated out," literally "it exited floating."
The terms "verb framing"and "satellite framing" are not restricted to Romance and Germanic languages, respectively. Many other languages can be assigned to one of the two systems. For example, verb framing is used in Turkish language, Hebrew and Arabic (in the last example, dakhala rākiḍan means "he entered running", with the perfect form dakhala meaning "he entered" and the participle rākiḍan meaning "running"). Satellite framing is common in Greek language.
Some languages use both strategies. For example, Persian language is chiefly verb-framed but also has such compounds as dar-āmadan (درآمدن, "to come in") from dar ("in") and āmadan ("to come").
The question remains of whether to express manner. It is not always easy to know, but manner is generally left unexpressed when it can be considered to be self-evident and inferred from the context. Expressing the manner then tends to sound unnatural."Users of verb-framed languages specify MANNER in clauses with PATH verbs only when motor pattern or rate of movement is really at issue" (Slobin 2004: 8). Thus, "He ran into the room" can be translated as Il est entré dans la pièce en courant because it is slightly unusual to run into a room and so manner should be mentioned. However, translating "He walked into the room" as Il est entré dans la pièce à pied ("on foot") or en marchant ("walking") is distinctly odd because it calls unintended attention to the usual way in which one enters a room and is akin to saying in English "he entered the room walking."
Only in a case in which walking would be considered unusual or notable such as in talking about a crippled person, can the fact that he "walked" into the room be considered to be relevant. Likewise, saying "I'm flying toLondon" a plane is normal in English, but saying Je vole ("I'm flying") in French for the same situation is odd because the verb is not one for which manner should be normally expressed in the first place, and flying is also a common way to travel to London from France.
That means that the choice of complement, particularly the choice of the preposition, may also be affected. In English, the particle or the prepositional phrase (the "satellite") has the path expressed by the use of a dynamic preposition: "(walk) into (the room)", "(fly) to (London)." However, in French, the verb normally expresses the path. A preposition like à ("to, at, in") is ambiguous between a static reading ( Je suis à Paris/"I'm in Paris") and a dynamic reading ( Je vais à Paris/"I'm going to Paris"). If the verb is dynamic and expresses directed motion (motion with an intrinsic direction), à can express movement ( Je vais à Paris). If not, as is the case for instance with voler ("to fly"), which expresses manner of motion but not directed motion, à tends to receive a static, not a dynamic, interpretation: je vole à Paris would mean something like "I'm flying IN Paris." not "I'm flying TO Paris." Using the same structure in French as directly translated from English may be doubly misleading, as both the verb and the preposition are unusual: Je vais à ("I'm going to") or Je suis en route ("I am on my way") vers/ pour Paris ("towards/for Paris") are much clearer in meaning.
ManyIndigenous languages of the Americas, such as the extinct Atsugewi, do not select verbs of motion based on path or manner. Instead, verbs of motion are specific to the kind of object that is moving or being moved.Zheng, M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. Thought before language: How deaf and hearing children express motion events across cultures. Cognition, 2002, 85, 145-175.
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